How to Reach New Climate Audiences

A culture-first approach for the next era of climate storytelling

Introduction

Earth Alliance works at the intersection of climate and creativity, collaborating with diverse networks of people and organizations to inspire action and accelerate solutions to the climate crisis.

As part of its commitment to help move culture towards climate-positive behaviors and beliefs, Earth Alliance teamed up with Harmony Labs for a first-of-its kind, culture-first look at audiences to understand who climate communications are currently reaching, who they may be leaving out, and how to integrate more climate content into media.

01. TL;DR

Making climate culturally relevant

This interactive report answers why climate communications hasn’t delivered on the promise of engaging the masses, who has been left out of the conversation, and how to reach people more effectively. Three key things to know:

Climate messaging has a distribution problem

A lot of climate content is only reaching existing supporters. That’s because it doesn’t align with the values of audiences outside the progressive base, and because it’s delivered via news, which many audiences just aren’t consuming.

New tools for a new era of climate communications

This report dives deep into a map of audiences based on what they value, the media they engage with, the voices that speak to them, how they relate to climate, and the storytelling approaches that resonate.

audience-first FTW; RIP message-first approach

This research invites climate communicators to start with audience values and engage people where they are, organically and authentically, in addition to relying on traditional messaging strategy or approaches.

02. Background

The next frontier of climate communication is culture-first

To date, the field of climate communications has oriented itself on selling the problem with science-backed evidence that climate change is real. While this has been successful in fighting climate denialism and providing a helpful defense against fossil fuel misinformation, it’s failed to sell a more inspiring vision of the future. This is especially true for the 50% of young people who reported in 2021 feeling sad, anxious, angry, helpless, and guilty about climate change, or the countless individuals who feel powerless to make a difference in the face of such a massive problem. Not to mention, those who want to live a more low-carbon lifestyle, but don’t know how.

Entering the next frontier of climate communications requires knowing which audiences haven’t been reached, where they gather, what drives them, and how we reach them. Spoiler alert: these audiences aren’t the usual suspects, and they’re not reading news, which is where most climate content currently lives. We need to meet the un- and under-engaged where they already are. This means storytellers must leverage the incredible power of all cultural content to connect with audiences on climate.

03. A New Audience Map

A new kind of audience map based on values and media consumption data

Existing maps see audiences through the lens of those who care about climate change and those who dismiss it. But these maps don’t reveal what people are interested in when not thinking about climate. To build a media strategy that reaches new audiences, and contributes to a better climate future, we need new maps!

People’s values predict where they hang out in media culture. When we group audiences by their values, we get groups of people who tend to listen to the same artists, who watch the same TV shows, and who play the same games.

Strive & CreateWe
People powerValue — Community
If you say soValue — Autonomy
Tough cookiesValue — Order
Don’t tread on meValue — Authority
MeProtect & Preserve

The map above is the audience framework from the Narrative Observatory @Harmony Labs. The four distinct audiences are derived from Shalom Schwartz’s Theory of Basic Human Values, with four evenly distributed clusters of values that are considered valid across cultures, globally.

The map integrates the media behavior of 300,000+ people in the U.S. across broadcast television, streaming, desktop, mobile, and tablet. We used data from opt-in audience panels, connected with media content data, including television closed captions, online news text, social media posts, videos and transcripts from YouTube and TikTok, metadata, and more. By engineering these two kinds of data into one platform, we gain a minute-by-minute, click-by-click, always-on account of how people move through media.

Strive & CreateWe
MeProtect & Preserve
This heat map shows where people in the U.S. who read news articles online over-index with respect to the 4 values quadrants. Here, we see an entire audience—IF YOU SAY SO—that is least likely to read the news.
04. The Opportunity

The map points to opportunity spaces for reaching new audiences

This media audience map contains a wealth of information. It can connect values to demographics, for instance, party affiliation, vote propensity, and more. And it can help us identify audiences not reached by traditional climate communications. For instance, most climate communications only reach the audience interested in news, concentrated in a single area of the map. Explore other opportunity spaces below.

05. Climate & Cultural Profiles

Opportunities for expansion exist in the shared spaces between audiences

The four core audiences make a map, oriented to two values axes. The zones between these audiences represent bridges—easily actionable opportunities for expansion beyond a base audience, and into spaces where two different audiences share values. Here, we describe 8 opportunity zones, named for how of each of these audiences relate to climate, based on their media diet.

info Hover over the graph for more information
Strive & CreateWe
Brave New World
Climate, Wut?
Earth, Out
At My Command
Purity, Please
Sacred Trust
My Body, My World
Earth First!
People Power
If You Say So
Don't Tread On Me
Tough Cookies
MeProtect & Preserve

Step inside the media life of each audience zone to understand the cultural worlds they inhabit

For the profiles below, we collected real-life media artifacts from opt-in panels of 300,000+ people in the U.S. between January 2022 and December 2022. The profiles include top music, streaming, and brands, as well as how audiences engage with climate.

touch_app Audience Zone: If You Say So

Values drive how we reason about ourselves and the world

This audience’s autonomy value informs how they engage with social issues like climate in the media. Based on this engagement, we derive how they think about climate, the possibility of change, the future, and participation.

Climate Maxim

 
 
 


Climate, Wut?



What Can Change

Everything’s always changing. It’s inevitable. So? I go with the flow, but set my own direction.

In the Future


I will have arrived. I will be respected, and even admired, not to mention set up financially and living 
the good life.

Count Me In

Happy to start new trends and make statements for something, like climate, as long as it’s also pro-me. This party’s just getting started!

Climate Content Close-up

Knowing an audience well requires a fluency in their unique media language, their vibe

A qualitative analysis of climate-related content identified key narrative elements from stories in each zone. Here, we zoom in on a distinctive piece of media to surface emblematic quotes and features—around setting and themes, heroes and anti-heroes, conflicts and resolutions—that can help form hypotheses for new kinds of climate storytelling.

Nature, and even more so climate, doesn’t really play a central role here: It’s a name drop and a party backdrop
“They can’t, they won’t, they never will stop the party!”
Fun, fast paced, thirsty: 
“I’m goin’ give it to you. Ah ah. Now give it to me. Ah ah. Get funky. Get funky.”
“Who’s got the keys to the world now?! Yours truly. Blow!”
Over-the-top consumption features, as in yachts, houses with pools, girls in huge beds, international travel, signaling high status and security. Arrival at last.
Highlighted here as emblematic of how If You Say So climate content, when it appears at all, doesn’t talk very deeply about climate. Media source: “Don’t stop the party” 
from the Pitbull album Global Warming.
06. Storytelling Tips

Strategic starting points for reaching and resonating with every climate audience

After synthesizing insights from audiences’ media diets, here are a few storytelling strategy hypotheses, tips to get the creative juices flowing. Click on a card to flip it over and see highlights from our actual testing of media concepts, created to validate these ideas (read more about the testing process and these results in the full report). These hypotheses and test results are just a starting point—if this work generates additional inspiration for you, please let us know.

People Power

audiences
Superpower

Organizing

Kryptonite

Compromise

Must Haves

Travel and time in nature

Don't Need

Bigger cars, bigger houses, more stuff

Story Do's

Lead with science and reverence towards nature

Story Don'ts

They are already activated, so it’s hard to go wrong here!

CTAs

Volunteering, donating, voting, wielding collective purchase power

Tiktok image of bee on the floor

Throughout our testing, People Power gravitated towards nature, whether it was in the ad copy or imagery. Nature themes worked best when they were organic though–virtual worlds didn’t test as well. EVs and ice caps also worked, and bees as long as the tone was positive.

In the example from our testing shown above, TikTok creator Mndiaye_97 has a fun take on bees in this successful co-production.

A question for future tests: what specific types of natural themes work best?

People Power + If You Say So

audiences
Superpower

Imagining transformation

Kryptonite

Impatience

Must Haves

Self-care via consumer goods

Don't Need

Individual ownership and super sizes

Story Do's

Emphasize that change takes time

Story Don'ts

Anxiety-inducing content, like maps and data

CTAs

Protesting, donating, liking, sharing, subscribing

Tiktok video

This zone engaged the most with messages explicitly about climate but the most successful were those that also included a plan of action.

Throughout our testing the concepts that worked best at transporting this audience—like the TikTok example above where creator Sciammani takes the audience on a culinary adventure full of climate-friendly ingredients—included direct, accessible solutions to the problem.

Another thing that proved effective was showing the data behind any claims being made.

If You Say So

audiences
Superpower

Self-expression

Kryptonite

Anxiety and insecurity

Must Haves

The fun and rewards they’re hungry for

Don't Need

Don’t have a lot to begin with

Story Do's

Connect actions to status

Story Don'ts

Anything that feels like a limitation or giving something up for others

CTAs

Training for high status jobs or starting a new trend

Tiktok video

For If You Say So, “climate-ness” proved critical in our testing. The most impactful media mentioned climate by name and connected the dots between the things they already care about, like EVs and fashion.

You see this “connecting of the dots” approach in the TikTok example above, where the creator Depthsofwikipedia talks about the climate benefit of traveling by trains.

Another story element that proved effective: a direct call to action.

Tough Cookies + People Power

audiences
Superpower

Taking responsibility for themselves and people they know

Kryptonite

Tolerating "Selfish People"

Must Haves

Sense of self-care

Don't Need

Luxury items or experiences

Story Do's

Include humans, even in nature stories; stay calm and curious

Story Don'ts

Hyperbole or escalation

CTAs

Talking to a friend or neighbor or teaching your kids

Thumb

This zone, like this whole “we” side of the audience map, responded favorably to all of the concepts centering the natural world.

The big difference for this particular zone is that even concepts that featured virtual depictions of nature were effective. The example Facebook ad shown above worked with this audience both for engagement and transportation.

worldImage

If You Say So + Don't Tread on Me

audiences
Superpower

Chaos and innovation

Kryptonite

Collaboration

Must Haves

Technology

Don't Need

Fossil Fuels

Story Do's

Keep it unemotional and factual

Story Don'ts

Cynicism or skepticism

CTAs

Doing your own research or disrupting the system

Tiktok video

For this zone, the most effective concepts broke the “fourth wall” to make the audience feel personally invested in the outcomes. One successful example of this approach from our testing is the Facebook ad concept shown above.

One thing that didn’t test well was telling this audience what to do, reinforcing the idea that they need to feel agency in crafting the right solution. Tests that included virtual, futuristic settings that helped this tech-forward audience imagine ways in which they might contribute to a better future also worked well.

Tough Cookies

audiences
Superpower

Faith

Kryptonite

Chaos, protest, disorder

Must Haves

Loyalty to leaders like pastors, spouses, politicians, and teachers

Don't Need

Comfort

Story Do's

Food and the sacred trust God places in us as stewards

Story Don'ts

Anything that feels adversarial

CTAs

Sharing with a Bible study group, cooking without waste, growing your own food

Tough Cookies were moved most by concepts focused on the wonders of creation. In particular, they were transported by stories of animals, particularly threatened ones.

Creator Markvins successfully tapped into that by featuring the endangered Numbat in the YouTube short above.

Third person narration also tested well; perhaps they like to observe but don’t necessarily want to imagine themselves as part of the problem?

Don't Tread on Me + Tough Cookies

audiences
Superpower

Preparedness

Kryptonite

Change

Must Haves

Commitment to purity, non-digital devices, and good ol’ gasoline

Don't Need

Could be willing to give up anything

Story Do's

Emphasize pure and natural origins

Story Don'ts

Anything that feels too novel

CTAs

Eating clean and repairing, not replacing

Tiktok video

This is another zone where any of the concepts that felt “preachy” caused backlash. That’s not to say they aren’t reachable. The concepts that tested best presented climate issues in a neutral and instructive way.

For example, the Facebook ad concept shown above both engaged and transported this audience—even with a message about something as iconic of climate advocacy as ice caps—when it was delivered with an informative tone.

Don't Tread on Me

audiences
Superpower

Strength and strategy

Kryptonite

Compassion

Must Haves

Personal ownership of power sources

Don't Need

Fossil fuels

Story Do's

Emphasize benefits to humans

Story Don'ts

Anything that feels like subordination to nature

CTAs

Generate your own power, prep for severe weather, steward land

Here, first-person approaches that included the audience directly in the story were the most successful. YouTuber Mr. Beast is an exemplar of this approach; the #teamseas video above worked particularly well transporting this audience.

On the other hand, some concepts we tested had a negative effect on Don't Tread on Me's. While they may embrace off-the-grid living, all of the ads tested that had anything to do with buying EVs caused backlash.

07. Key Takeaways

Moving forward on climate means reaching more people with an inspiring vision of the future

  1. Climate denialism is a dead end

    Climate communications needs to expand beyond fighting denialism with science-heavy content.

  2. Climate communications needs to move beyond news

    To create change at the speed and scale needed, climate communications must move beyond the saturated news market to the spaces where people receive little to no climate content.

  3. Audiences engage with media according to their values

    It is crucial to understand what audiences care about and to show up organically and authentically in the media channels they are already in, in order to reach and engage them effectively.

  4. Center stories in each audience’s superpowers

    Because everyone has a role to play, storytelling and CTAs need to be tailored to each audience’s superpower.

  5. Put a future that feels good in it

    Each audience has a very distinct vision of a future that feels good and is willing to take actions to support it.

For a look at how Earth Alliance has adapted these insights for digital storytellers, check out What's your creator vibe? on Delicious Nuggets, a resource that inspires creators to change the conversation on climate.

Have an idea of how to use a culture-first approach to change the course of our climate future?

Get In Touch

08. Methods & Acknowledgements

One-of-a-kind data infrastructure and rigorous research

To measure the audience values for this research, we use surveys that explore attitudes on race, gender, place, and class, along with core values. Using these results, we develop a suite of predictive models that help us assign audience scores to our nationally representative, opt-in media consumption panels, based on demography, geography, and lifestyle features (e.g., age, gender, race, zip code).

In other words, we don’t survey people about their media habits; we survey them about what they believe, and then we use rich clickstream and watching behavior data to find out what media they engage with. Media consumption panels give us visibility into the minute-by-minute media behaviors of over 300,000 people in the U.S., who opted in and are compensated for their participation, across desktop, mobile, tablet, and TV.

We found the media and climate content that was most popular and distinctive to each audience using models of audience reach. We primarily used websites visited, digital news consumption, and YouTube consumption, between January 1, 2022 and December 31, 2022.

Popular vs. Distinctive

One feature of our analytic approach is our focus on audience distinctiveness in selecting media. We are often asked why we don’t simply use popularity. The reason is that the big stuff in media is so much bigger than everything else that it tends to reach most everyone, creating a less informative map of audiences, and leading to less efficient strategies for reaching audiences.

By way of illustration, during our study period, the highest reach YouTube creator for most of the audience map was Markiplier. So, if a partner does a collaboration with Markiplier, they will reach lots of folks in their target audience, and lots of other people, too. This would be inefficient.

Weighting popularity and audience distinctiveness together, however, reveals how high-reach creators like CoryXKenshin, for instance, more precisely reach If You Say So.

Frequently Asked Questions

  • Where did the data for this research come from?

    All the media data in the Narrative Observatory come from commercial partners who donate their data to this work. This community of data philanthropists includes big companies, like Nielsen and Comscore, and also smaller startups, like Peakmetrics, that are scraping different corners of the web, news, television, radio, and other kinds of media. We are grateful to them for supporting the Narrative Observatory.

  • How do you estimate membership in the audience zones?

    We estimate membership in each of the 8 audience zones using big values surveys and predictive models. We have a good guess about audience membership for every person in the anonymous panel who has supplied demography, lifestyle characteristics, and geographic information.

  • How did you define and identify climate-specific media?

    To identify “climate relevant” media, we used keywords, human annotation, and natural language processing tools to create predictive models of climate “adjacency.” The models filter out things that aren’t really about climate change (e.g. “workplace climate”) and extend to include things that often co-occur with climate change, without mentioning climate specifically (e.g., “Earth,” “natural resources,” “extreme weather”).

  • How did we find story features for each audience zone in climate media?

    We used the climate relevant media across news and YouTube (more information on how we identified these here), and found the content that was statistically significantly associated with each audience zone. That is, we did not focus on the “most common” content per audience zone, but rather which channels and news themes were connected to each audience most uniquely.

    We then filtered content down to a select list of highly distinctive media, and employed a qualitative approach led by a cultural analyst. Analysts consumed each piece of media and looked for tone and texture, characters, story arcs, and other emergent trends to identify strategically important signals and patterns that emerged across the most engaging content for each zone.

    Then, the team of technical and qualitative analysts met to produce a final articulation of features.

    Because qualitative analysis always involves some subjectivity, we created new material that captured our hypotheses from the qualitative work and tested it using randomized controlled trials to confirm (or refute) our intuitions about what story elements mattered the most.

Acknowledgements

Earth Alliance and Harmony Labs are deeply grateful to everyone who made this work possible. Your support and dedication have been invaluable. Special thanks to our data philanthropy partners Comscore, TVEyes, and Nielsen. We’d like to extend our appreciation to our friends at Work in Progress for their invaluable design support. You’re the best!

About

Harmony Labs
Harmony Labs researches and reshapes society’s relationship with media, using science, data, and creativity. For more than a decade, our work has helped storytellers and strategists, decision makers and dreamers, harness the immense power of media to shape a positive, pluralistic future. Learn more about our media research lab here.

Earth Alliance
Earth Alliance works at the intersection of climate and creativity to inspire action. We collaborate with diverse networks of people and organizations to accelerate solutions to the climate crisis. Therefore, we are deeply committed to understanding how to move culture towards climate positive behaviors and beliefs. Learn more here.

More from the Narrative Observatory @Harmony Labs

Researching and reshaping our relationship
with media

In partnership with advocacy organizations, philanthropic foundations, entertainment and news media brands, and creators, the Narrative Observatory has helped shape the cultural strategy and media making of dozens of partners to-date. You can explore some of this work below:

If you’re interested in learning more about the Narrative Observatory and how it might be leveraged for your work, get in touch.